Development of a nation has the ultimate goal of creating well-being and prosperity of social justice. Development of a nation can only run smoothly if underpinned by stability in the economic, political, and security. These three pillars of nation building, the one with the other interrelated, so it should always endeavored to be kept and maintained, by all stakeholders of development of a nation. After these three pillars can be nurtured and maintained properly, then the resource development can be driven to build the various fields in life as a nation, state and society, such as development in the economic, social, cultural, political, defense, and security.
Stability in the economic field can be maintained and nurtured through appropriate government policies, whether related directly or indirectly on various aspects of economics and finance, as well as various aspects of his supporters, such as fiscal and monetary policy, investment policy and capital markets, and other supporting policies, all of which are intended to create, preserve and maintain the economic stability of a country, including the policy of prevention and eradication of corruption. Supporting policies needed for economic stability is a policy that supports the empowerment and strengthening of Small and Medium Enterprises, Cooperatives, and Start-up businesses.
On domestic political stability can only be created when all the political processes running an honest, transparent, uphold the aspirations of the community through representation in parliament, put public interest above personal interests and groups, ensuring freedom of association, assembly and speech, the level of national life nation and society. In addition, should advance the process of deliberation and consensus prior to the voting, so that decisions can be achieved by acclamation. It must be realized that the decision taken by deliberation and consensus, and acclamation, has a quality decision that is relatively better than the decision through a vote, in particular for multi-party democracies, because did not rule out the aspirations of a small group in the parliament represent the real aspirations of most people, but because it is associated with the interests of large groups in the parliament through a vote would end if the aspiration is not going to get away and rejected. Condition of the political process in multi-party democracy, will be very different from that in democracies that have only two or three parties, each party has a relatively balanced strength, as in the United States. In essence, the implementation of democracy and political process, local knowledge of a country or region, should be able to color the ongoing process of democratic and political process, so that the implementation process of democratic and political processes in decision-making is not merely meant as a majority vote decision through a vote, but can also be through a process of deliberation and consensus to take decisions unanimously. In the process of deliberation and consensus, the decision-making is generally based on the aspect of reality, logical and measured, because the forces that influence the decision-making comes from the power of reality, logical and scalable, which is presented by each participant in the decision making process. Democracy is just a political process, and not associated with the level of violence in society. So, there is no real correlation between a better democratic process with reduced levels of violence in society. However, the reduced level of violence in society is correlated with the actual enforcement of human rights, and vigorous enforcement.
Furthermore, stability in security is a key element that must be preserved and maintained, through law enforcement is strong, assertive, authoritative, and fair. The performance of law enforcement determines the level of security in a country. Law enforcement is not just a legal action, but also includes the prevention of security threats. Disturbance of peace and order in society will often occur when law enforcement is weak. Associated with the prominence of young people in a country not correlate significantly with the possibility of security problems, if the easier it has a better education levels, and supported by the vast employment opportunities. Correlated only real security threats against high unemployment, injustice, social and economic inequality, frustration against political behavior and government policies that do not favor the low-income and poor communities. The emergence of the separatist as well as driven by the imbalance of development between regions and injustice. Low levels of education for the easy and wide opening of job opportunities, leading to frustration and a sense of sensitive covert on various matters related to social and economic life, and a sense of frustration and sensitivity were high, driven by the feeling of wanting to be appreciated and strengthen existence of self, which in the process is often not controlled, so easily influenced by any provocation, a provocation that is both spontaneous and structured.
In promoting development in conflict areas, should be done through local wisdom approach, especially regarding social, cultural and economic community. Key elements of the approach to local wisdom, among others, are as follows.
1. Establish communication intensive, full of intimacy and mutual respect with local leaders and community leaders, such as traditional leaders, religious leaders, youth leaders, facilitated by development agencies and figures from outside the region or conflict, so that can know the root of the problem becomes triggers of conflict and thus can be formulated strategies and actions to prevent or escalate the conflict, deal with conflict wisely is going on, and perform physical and non physical rehabilitation of the impact of conflict.
2. Prioritize areas of development that can involve many people, providing direct benefits perceived by many people, both in the short term (within the scope of social safety nets) as well as benefits in the long term (empowerment and strengthening of institutional, economic resource potential, and vital infrastructure needed in areas of conflict).
3. To monitor and evaluate the implementation of intensive development, and perform control immediately if required, so ensuring that all construction activity going according to plan and provide maximum benefit to society in general.
The occurrence of various disturbances are generally triggered by sharing things that have been described above, both of which occurred in Vietnam, the Balkans, Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as in other parts of the world. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the root problems that cause interference such security. If disturbances driven by a particular group, should be approached on a group to find out the cause of their dissatisfaction, rather than do the counter attack, tasting as terrorists, and various things that deepened their hatred and discontent. By knowing the root of the problem and the things that drive them to commit acts of violence, it can be done in a comprehensive guidance to the group to prevent the action, in order to restore their normal life, as has been attempted in the separatist conflict in Aceh, Indonesia, by the Free Aceh Movement. Experience shows, that for decades made approach to handling security with military forces deployed in very large numbers in Aceh, did not give any results, and the only sacrifice of human lives from both sides, and victims of civil society in a number of is very large. However, after the modified approach through intensive communication and friendly, with upholding local wisdom, only a few times in the negotiations and only a relatively short time, all can be restored. Starting from the former personnel separatist naturalization process, the withdrawal of weapons, physical and social rehabilitation, as well as giving equal rights with other citizens, all may go well.
Increased corruption in a country or region does not correlate significantly with increasing violence, but the trigger for increased violence, as described above. However, corruption is an extra-ordinary crime, so the corruption must be eradicated in the face of the earth, due to rampant corruption, greatly hinder the implementation of development, and ultimately hinder the achievement of development goals in general, that is prosperous and equitable society. However, the completion of proceedings against the convicted criminals who do not satisfy the justice of society, can lead to violence. Any crime that occurred, involving unscrupulous and corrupt government the middle class and upper class (such as individual entrepreneurs), the completion of legal wounded sense of justice, can lead to public dissatisfaction, which prompted loud protests and acts of violence by protesters participants. Therefore, the punishment to the perpetrators of corruption should be given to the full extent, without indiscriminately. Major corruption cases involving elements of power, and or a person close to power, should be a top priority to be prosecuted.
Advances in technology, especially information technology, providing real influence for the advancement and welfare of the community through the wise utilization of technology devices and positive. However, if the progress of the technological devices used to launch a counter-activities against the implementation of development, counter to efforts to maintain security, or used for other criminal activities, then the results of these technological advances will give negative impact to the community. Therefore, the progress of a technology must be coupled with a security device in the use and learning about the wise use and positive impact on the progress of society. By A. Harizt Intan
Senin, 06 Februari 2012
Strategic Actions to Overcome the Pressure of Climate Change, Rising Demand Resources, and Population Increase, as well Enhance Food Security
Climate change, increased demand for resources, and relatively high population growth in developing countries and poor countries together provide a tremendous pressure for development in these countries, especially development in social and economic fields, such as the development of the agriculture, energy, clean water and health. Climate change as a result of global warming on the one hand cause a disruption in food production, as a result of the dry season and rainy season are very extreme, and the pressure of increased demand for natural resources, like oil and gas, minerals and mining goods, causing the shift of some agricultural land into areas of mining and quarrying, which both provide pressure and interference in increasing food production, the pressure on the supply side of food. Even in some developing countries and low-income countries, the excessive exploitation of natural resources and lack of control causing damage to land resources, deforestation, disruption of ecosystem balance, disruption of nature conservation and the preservation of plasma nutfa neglected, resulting in further increase in global warming, floods and landslides, all of which increasingly heavy pressure on the supply side of food.
On the other hand, the increasing population led to increased demand for food, which put pressure on the demand side of food. Interaction of both sides of the food supply and demand causes market equilibrium position shifts to the left, which causes food prices will be higher and the scarcity of food supplies will be increasingly felt. The threat of food shortages and efforts to maintain the stability of food prices can only be addressed through real action in increasing global food production significantly, especially food which can be produced by each developing country and low-income countries. In general, developing countries and low-income countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, South Asia and Latin America, have similar primary foodstuffs are produced, namely rice and cassava. Strategies that can be done to accelerate the increase in the production of some food commodities will be discussed below.
Extreme climate changes have brought many disasters in agricultural production, especially in rice production. Devastating floods that caused rice production in rice producing countries to be disrupted. Likewise, the long drought caused rice plants many of which became puso (not produced), thus causing a decrease in rice production in many rice producing countries. Rice fields in coastal and lowland technical irrigated generally have a difficult flood hazards be prevented, while the fields on higher ground, which generally rainfed rice under threat from drought, and to date most of the fields in various countries is rainfed , which can only be planted once a year. Efforts must be made is to improve the position of rainfed rice becomes equivalent to the technical irrigated rice fields, so that intensive rice cultivation can also be applied to these rainfed areas.
The technology covered dams and irrigation systems that use flexi-flume, such as those developed by CE Bartlett Pty Ltd, Australia, perfect for application in rainfed areas to ensure water availability throughout the year, mainly to irrigate the fields in the dry season. Dam capacity can be adjusted by the total area to be irrigated in a region, for example, 50 acres, 100 acres, 500 acres, and so on. The combination of technologies covered dams and irrigation systems that use flexi-flume which was applied to the area of rainfed rice is very efficient in water use. The potential loss of water in the dam closed all know the only ranged from 2% to 5%, and because the irrigation system using a flexi-flume causes no water is wasted or lost during irrigation takes place, compared with conventional irrigation systems that use water channel, which happens a lot loss of water and is very wasteful in water use.
Furthermore, cassava commodity can now be used as a commercial food with biotech discovery modification of cassava starch cells through a process of fermentation, so the Modified Cassava Flour (abbreviated to MOCAF) produced a character similar to wheat flour. In the process of fermentation for 8 hours, microbes that grow will produce pectinolytic enzymes and Cellulolytic enzymes that can destroy the cell walls of cassava in such a way, resulting in the liberation of starch granules. This liberation process will lead to changes in the characteristics of the flour produced in the form of increased viscosity, gelation ability, power rehydration, and the ease dissolves better. Cassava starch granules underwent hydrolysis process that produces monosaccharides, as raw material to produce compounds of organic acids, found in cassava, and when the cassava is processed, will be able to produce a distinctive aroma and flavor, which can cover up the scent and flavor of the original the cassava.
With these characteristics, MOCAF can substitute wheat flour, either in part or in whole from the use of wheat flour, for a variety of bakery products. On the use of wheat flour on instant noodle products can be replaced with MOCAF to 15% without affecting the quality of the instant noodle product, while for substitution as much as 25% indicate a change in quality of taste, so the quality of instant noodles slightly decreased, but still viable and good for consumption . The advantage of using MOCAF, in addition because the raw material can be produced in various countries in Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, the product also can be generated by the cost of production is relatively low compared with wheat flour. With a yield of between 30% to 35% based on net weight of raw material, fresh cassava, the production process is relatively simple and can be produced on a variety of industrial scale, then the cost of production may be suppressed, and the selling price of MOCAF be lower by about 30 % compared to the selling price of wheat flour.
Of course the invention of a process of biotechnology in producing MOCAF can generate added value to cassava which is much higher compared to other commercially processed products made from cassava, such as tapioca, usual cassava flour, and cassava starch in general to meet the needs of non-industrial food, and bioethanol from cassava. MOCAF is processed cassava products with food grade, and is primarily intended to meet the needs of the food industry, and as a substitute for wheat flour in a variety of uses. With high added value that can be created in MOCAF industries accompanied by efforts to increase food availability to anticipate the threat of food insecurity in developing countries and low-income countries, it should be the development of cassava agribusiness and MOCAF industrial implemented in an integrated manner.
The positive impact will become even greater when applied to a technology intensive cultivation on cassava agribusiness development, especially the use of superior seeds that have high productivity. In Indonesia has found two local cassava varieties which have a productivity of 3 to 5 times higher than that of cassava varieties commonly grown by farmers, namely Nurul Hidayah cassava, which is found in the District of Central Lampung, Lampung Province, and Gajah cassava are found in East Kalimantan Province. Both of these cassava varieties have the potential production of more than 100 tons per hectare, which is much higher than the potential production of other varieties of cassava, which is just as much as 20 tons to 30 tons per hectare. Even for Gajah cassava can be harvested at age 7 months with the starch content reaches 35% (w / w) and the potential production of more than 100 tons per hectare. The content of starch from cassava is commonly grown by farmers maximum 26%, with a longer harvest age.
The potential of cassava agribusiness development in developing countries and low-income countries is very large, in addition can be done by increasing the intensity of cultivation through the use of superior seeds and application of appropriate cultivation techniques, can also be done through the expansion of growing areas by making use of unused land are widely spread in these countries. Even a program to increase the total area for cultivation of cassava can be integrated with reforestation programs, although temporary, and only 4 to 7 times the cycle of planting. However, cassava agribusiness development must consider various factors relating to sustainable agricultural development, nature conservation, ecosystem balance, and efforts towards organic cassava cultivation.
Development strategy in both food commodities mentioned above should be the main close attention to the government in developing countries and low-income countries, as well as all relevant stakeholders, both in the domestic sphere in each country and global in scope, such as by the donors, global financial institutions, and agencies at the regional and the world. If these food commodities were developed based on the development strategy outlined above, it is believed to have a very big impact on improving food availability, increase farmers' income, poverty reduction, the opening of non-skilled job opportunities, accelerated development of the village Community Sector, improvement of income distribution , and the reduction of urbanization.
By A. Harizt Intan
On the other hand, the increasing population led to increased demand for food, which put pressure on the demand side of food. Interaction of both sides of the food supply and demand causes market equilibrium position shifts to the left, which causes food prices will be higher and the scarcity of food supplies will be increasingly felt. The threat of food shortages and efforts to maintain the stability of food prices can only be addressed through real action in increasing global food production significantly, especially food which can be produced by each developing country and low-income countries. In general, developing countries and low-income countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, South Asia and Latin America, have similar primary foodstuffs are produced, namely rice and cassava. Strategies that can be done to accelerate the increase in the production of some food commodities will be discussed below.
Extreme climate changes have brought many disasters in agricultural production, especially in rice production. Devastating floods that caused rice production in rice producing countries to be disrupted. Likewise, the long drought caused rice plants many of which became puso (not produced), thus causing a decrease in rice production in many rice producing countries. Rice fields in coastal and lowland technical irrigated generally have a difficult flood hazards be prevented, while the fields on higher ground, which generally rainfed rice under threat from drought, and to date most of the fields in various countries is rainfed , which can only be planted once a year. Efforts must be made is to improve the position of rainfed rice becomes equivalent to the technical irrigated rice fields, so that intensive rice cultivation can also be applied to these rainfed areas.
The technology covered dams and irrigation systems that use flexi-flume, such as those developed by CE Bartlett Pty Ltd, Australia, perfect for application in rainfed areas to ensure water availability throughout the year, mainly to irrigate the fields in the dry season. Dam capacity can be adjusted by the total area to be irrigated in a region, for example, 50 acres, 100 acres, 500 acres, and so on. The combination of technologies covered dams and irrigation systems that use flexi-flume which was applied to the area of rainfed rice is very efficient in water use. The potential loss of water in the dam closed all know the only ranged from 2% to 5%, and because the irrigation system using a flexi-flume causes no water is wasted or lost during irrigation takes place, compared with conventional irrigation systems that use water channel, which happens a lot loss of water and is very wasteful in water use.
Furthermore, cassava commodity can now be used as a commercial food with biotech discovery modification of cassava starch cells through a process of fermentation, so the Modified Cassava Flour (abbreviated to MOCAF) produced a character similar to wheat flour. In the process of fermentation for 8 hours, microbes that grow will produce pectinolytic enzymes and Cellulolytic enzymes that can destroy the cell walls of cassava in such a way, resulting in the liberation of starch granules. This liberation process will lead to changes in the characteristics of the flour produced in the form of increased viscosity, gelation ability, power rehydration, and the ease dissolves better. Cassava starch granules underwent hydrolysis process that produces monosaccharides, as raw material to produce compounds of organic acids, found in cassava, and when the cassava is processed, will be able to produce a distinctive aroma and flavor, which can cover up the scent and flavor of the original the cassava.
With these characteristics, MOCAF can substitute wheat flour, either in part or in whole from the use of wheat flour, for a variety of bakery products. On the use of wheat flour on instant noodle products can be replaced with MOCAF to 15% without affecting the quality of the instant noodle product, while for substitution as much as 25% indicate a change in quality of taste, so the quality of instant noodles slightly decreased, but still viable and good for consumption . The advantage of using MOCAF, in addition because the raw material can be produced in various countries in Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, the product also can be generated by the cost of production is relatively low compared with wheat flour. With a yield of between 30% to 35% based on net weight of raw material, fresh cassava, the production process is relatively simple and can be produced on a variety of industrial scale, then the cost of production may be suppressed, and the selling price of MOCAF be lower by about 30 % compared to the selling price of wheat flour.
Of course the invention of a process of biotechnology in producing MOCAF can generate added value to cassava which is much higher compared to other commercially processed products made from cassava, such as tapioca, usual cassava flour, and cassava starch in general to meet the needs of non-industrial food, and bioethanol from cassava. MOCAF is processed cassava products with food grade, and is primarily intended to meet the needs of the food industry, and as a substitute for wheat flour in a variety of uses. With high added value that can be created in MOCAF industries accompanied by efforts to increase food availability to anticipate the threat of food insecurity in developing countries and low-income countries, it should be the development of cassava agribusiness and MOCAF industrial implemented in an integrated manner.
The positive impact will become even greater when applied to a technology intensive cultivation on cassava agribusiness development, especially the use of superior seeds that have high productivity. In Indonesia has found two local cassava varieties which have a productivity of 3 to 5 times higher than that of cassava varieties commonly grown by farmers, namely Nurul Hidayah cassava, which is found in the District of Central Lampung, Lampung Province, and Gajah cassava are found in East Kalimantan Province. Both of these cassava varieties have the potential production of more than 100 tons per hectare, which is much higher than the potential production of other varieties of cassava, which is just as much as 20 tons to 30 tons per hectare. Even for Gajah cassava can be harvested at age 7 months with the starch content reaches 35% (w / w) and the potential production of more than 100 tons per hectare. The content of starch from cassava is commonly grown by farmers maximum 26%, with a longer harvest age.
The potential of cassava agribusiness development in developing countries and low-income countries is very large, in addition can be done by increasing the intensity of cultivation through the use of superior seeds and application of appropriate cultivation techniques, can also be done through the expansion of growing areas by making use of unused land are widely spread in these countries. Even a program to increase the total area for cultivation of cassava can be integrated with reforestation programs, although temporary, and only 4 to 7 times the cycle of planting. However, cassava agribusiness development must consider various factors relating to sustainable agricultural development, nature conservation, ecosystem balance, and efforts towards organic cassava cultivation.
Development strategy in both food commodities mentioned above should be the main close attention to the government in developing countries and low-income countries, as well as all relevant stakeholders, both in the domestic sphere in each country and global in scope, such as by the donors, global financial institutions, and agencies at the regional and the world. If these food commodities were developed based on the development strategy outlined above, it is believed to have a very big impact on improving food availability, increase farmers' income, poverty reduction, the opening of non-skilled job opportunities, accelerated development of the village Community Sector, improvement of income distribution , and the reduction of urbanization.
By A. Harizt Intan
Develop MOCAF Industry is a Reliable Strategy in Improving Competitiveness of Cassava Products and Ensuring Availability of Global Food
Develop MOCAF Industry is a Reliable Strategy in Improving Competitiveness of Cassava Products and Ensuring Availability of Global Food
What is MOCAF? MOCAF stands for Modified Cassava Flour, a form of food grade cassava flour, resulting from the modification of cell tissue through a process of fermentation of cassava starch. MOCAF has a different character with ordinary cassava flour, which is mostly used in non-food industry, especially in terms of degrees of viscosity, gelation ability, power rehydration, and the ease dissolves better.
However, with the discovery of biotechnological processes that modify the cellular tissue of cassava starch to produce cassava flour that has a character similar to wheat flour, then it is possible to test the use of MOCAF as the substitution of wheat flour in a variety of uses, both on the various types of food the community and in various food industries, such as bread, pastries and noodles industries.
Results from various trials that have been held in Indonesia on various types of bakery products showed very encouraging results, namely in sweet bakery products and bread, pastries (such as cookies, Nastar, etc.), and the wet cake (such as cake, layer cake, brownies, spongy, etc.). MOCAF can be used as a substitute in part or whole wheat flour on the use of such bakery products, without lowering the quality of the products.
On the other hand, tests performed on the instant noodles industry showed that the substitution is the use of wheat flour to 15% result in instant noodle products with high quality, and the substitution of 25% slightly reduces the quality of the taste of instant noodles, but still good for consumption.
Furthermore, the basic principle in the production process of MOCAF is by modifying the cassava cells through a process of fermentation. Microbes that grow will produce pectinolytic enzymes and cellulolytic enzymes, which can destroy the cell walls of cassava in such a way, resulting in the liberation of starch granules. This liberation process will lead to changes in the characteristics of the flour produced in the form of increased viscosity, gelation ability, power rehydration, and the ease dissolves better.
Cassava starch granules underwent hydrolysis process that produces monosaccharides, as raw material to produce compounds of organic acids, found in cassava, and when the cassava is processed, will be able to produce a distinctive aroma and flavor, which can cover up the scent and flavor of the original cassava, which are usually not liked by consumers.
During the fermentation process, there is also the removal of the color carrier components, such as pigments (especially the yellow cassava), and proteins that can cause a brown color when heated, so that the resulting color of MOCAF be whiter than the color of usual cassava flour.
Until recently, MOCAF yield between 30% to 35% of the net weight of cassava meat (meat moist) with a long fermentation process is 8 hours.
However, there is recent research results that can improve the yield to 40% and shorten the time of the fermentation process, so that production costs will be reduced, but only in a laboratory scale. With a yield of 30% to 35% only, have been very competitive to produce MOCAF compared with wheat flour, so the selling price of MOCAF lower by about 30% compared with wheat flour. The production process of MOCAF also be done with a variety of industrial scales, from household to large industrial scale.
Another phenomenon that supports MOCAF industrial development prospects, particularly in Indonesia and countries in other tropical and sub-tropics are as follows.
1. In Indonesia has found two local cassava varieties which have a productivity of 3 to 5 times compared with cassava varieties are commonly cultivated by farmers, with the potential production of 100 tons per hectare or more, while cassava varieties usually have only the productivity of between 20 tons to 30 tons per acres. Both varieties of cassava are cassava Nurul Hidayah, which is found in the District of Central Lampung, Lampung Province, and cassava Gajah (Elephant), which was found in the province of East Kalimantan (East Borneo). On the other hand, many countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, and South Asia, and Latin America is the producer of cassava, but the added value generated is still very low, and the use as raw material for the food industry is still very limited. Thus, the development of MOCAF industry is a strategic choice to increase the added value of cassava, improving food availability, opening up new business opportunities, non-skilled employment, reduce poverty, improve income distribution, and accelerate socio-economic development based on agriculture and rural areas.
2. Amid the threat of global food insecurity, develop cassava agribusiness, combined with developing MOCAF industry is a very strategic choice, because it can substitute the use of wheat flour with estimates of up to 15%, and with a comprehensive effort with the support of all stakeholders, can be increased even higher , so the threat of food insecurity can be overcome, especially in developing countries and poor in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In addition, the development of MOCAF Industry also intended to improve the quality of food communities, especially in Africa where many make cassava as main staple food, and in the countries of South Asia and Southeast Asia, and Latin America, where the region's population consume too much cassava. On the basis of data on food supply per capita per year, sourced from the FAO, in 2007, is that roughly half of African countries in making cassava as a staple food, and in general are large populous countries and low income. In South Asia and Southeast Asia, almost all states provide cassava as a staple food of the second, after rice, and the portions are quite large in Indonesia, Cambodia, East Timor and the Philippines. So also in Central America and South America, Paraguy make cassava as food supplies most of all, while one-third of the number of countries in the region to make cassava as a food source with a sizable portion.
3. Very much idle land are scattered in various developing countries and poor countries, the potential for planting cassava. Even the cultivation of cassava can be mixed with reforestation programs as crop sidelines, for some times of the cycle of planting, until it becomes a big tree. In Indonesia for example, it is estimated there are more than 70 million hectares of idle land which has not been used for productive activities, and deforested land is also very broad in need of reforestation programs. If a small fraction, about 1%, is used for the cultivation of cassava, it can increase the global availability of food is very high.
4. In the midst of efforts to develop alternative fuels derived from plant materials, the cultivation of cassava can be mixed with sorghum as raw material for bioethanol. For the cassava is not recommended to be used as raw material of bioethanol in developing countries, like Indonesia, because it has a low yield, only about 15%, so it is still difficult to compete with fossil fuels, and far more profitable to serve as raw materials to manufacture MOCAF.
However, in the development of cassava agribusiness must still consider the rules of sustainable agricultural development, nature conservation, and agriculture towards organic cassava.
If cassava agribusiness development, combined with MOCAF industrial development can be planned and implemented in a comprehensive, especially for countries in Africa, Southeast Asia and South Asia, and Latin America, then it certainly will be very powerful with a double impact for economic development is very large for the countries. Real results can be obtained for these countries is especially in terms of address food insecurity, creating agricultural employment, non-skilled employment, reduce poverty, increase income of cassava farmers, increase the added value of cassava, accelerate socio-economic development of rural , reducing the flow of urbanization, improving security as a result of an increase in the intensity-based socio-economic development, and various other positive impacts, either directly or indirectly for the improvement of public welfare.
As an illustration, to build an enterprise, which integrates between agribusiness cassava and cassava processing plant to produce MOCAF, the production capacity of 60 tons per day, it takes an initial capital of U.S. $ 9 million, which amounted to U.S. $ 6.5 million to build a plant and working capital for MOCAF manufactures, and amounted to U.S. $ 2.5 million for the cultivation of cassava, using cassava variatas Nurul Hidayah and or cassava varieties Gajah (Elephant), it only takes land cultivation with area 600 hectares. To substitute about 15% of wheat flour needs as many as 6 million tons per year (900,000 tons) is required as many as 50 factories with a capacity of 60 tons per day, and requires an investment of U.S. $ 450 million.
However, with the discovery of biotechnological processes that modify the cellular tissue of cassava starch to produce cassava flour that has a character similar to wheat flour, then it is possible to test the use of MOCAF as the substitution of wheat flour in a variety of uses, both on the various types of food the community and in various food industries, such as bread, pastries and noodles industries.
Results from various trials that have been held in Indonesia on various types of bakery products showed very encouraging results, namely in sweet bakery products and bread, pastries (such as cookies, Nastar, etc.), and the wet cake (such as cake, layer cake, brownies, spongy, etc.). MOCAF can be used as a substitute in part or whole wheat flour on the use of such bakery products, without lowering the quality of the products.
On the other hand, tests performed on the instant noodles industry showed that the substitution is the use of wheat flour to 15% result in instant noodle products with high quality, and the substitution of 25% slightly reduces the quality of the taste of instant noodles, but still good for consumption.
Furthermore, the basic principle in the production process of MOCAF is by modifying the cassava cells through a process of fermentation. Microbes that grow will produce pectinolytic enzymes and cellulolytic enzymes, which can destroy the cell walls of cassava in such a way, resulting in the liberation of starch granules. This liberation process will lead to changes in the characteristics of the flour produced in the form of increased viscosity, gelation ability, power rehydration, and the ease dissolves better.
Cassava starch granules underwent hydrolysis process that produces monosaccharides, as raw material to produce compounds of organic acids, found in cassava, and when the cassava is processed, will be able to produce a distinctive aroma and flavor, which can cover up the scent and flavor of the original cassava, which are usually not liked by consumers.
During the fermentation process, there is also the removal of the color carrier components, such as pigments (especially the yellow cassava), and proteins that can cause a brown color when heated, so that the resulting color of MOCAF be whiter than the color of usual cassava flour.
Until recently, MOCAF yield between 30% to 35% of the net weight of cassava meat (meat moist) with a long fermentation process is 8 hours.
However, there is recent research results that can improve the yield to 40% and shorten the time of the fermentation process, so that production costs will be reduced, but only in a laboratory scale. With a yield of 30% to 35% only, have been very competitive to produce MOCAF compared with wheat flour, so the selling price of MOCAF lower by about 30% compared with wheat flour. The production process of MOCAF also be done with a variety of industrial scales, from household to large industrial scale.
Another phenomenon that supports MOCAF industrial development prospects, particularly in Indonesia and countries in other tropical and sub-tropics are as follows.
1. In Indonesia has found two local cassava varieties which have a productivity of 3 to 5 times compared with cassava varieties are commonly cultivated by farmers, with the potential production of 100 tons per hectare or more, while cassava varieties usually have only the productivity of between 20 tons to 30 tons per acres. Both varieties of cassava are cassava Nurul Hidayah, which is found in the District of Central Lampung, Lampung Province, and cassava Gajah (Elephant), which was found in the province of East Kalimantan (East Borneo). On the other hand, many countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, and South Asia, and Latin America is the producer of cassava, but the added value generated is still very low, and the use as raw material for the food industry is still very limited. Thus, the development of MOCAF industry is a strategic choice to increase the added value of cassava, improving food availability, opening up new business opportunities, non-skilled employment, reduce poverty, improve income distribution, and accelerate socio-economic development based on agriculture and rural areas.
2. Amid the threat of global food insecurity, develop cassava agribusiness, combined with developing MOCAF industry is a very strategic choice, because it can substitute the use of wheat flour with estimates of up to 15%, and with a comprehensive effort with the support of all stakeholders, can be increased even higher , so the threat of food insecurity can be overcome, especially in developing countries and poor in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In addition, the development of MOCAF Industry also intended to improve the quality of food communities, especially in Africa where many make cassava as main staple food, and in the countries of South Asia and Southeast Asia, and Latin America, where the region's population consume too much cassava. On the basis of data on food supply per capita per year, sourced from the FAO, in 2007, is that roughly half of African countries in making cassava as a staple food, and in general are large populous countries and low income. In South Asia and Southeast Asia, almost all states provide cassava as a staple food of the second, after rice, and the portions are quite large in Indonesia, Cambodia, East Timor and the Philippines. So also in Central America and South America, Paraguy make cassava as food supplies most of all, while one-third of the number of countries in the region to make cassava as a food source with a sizable portion.
3. Very much idle land are scattered in various developing countries and poor countries, the potential for planting cassava. Even the cultivation of cassava can be mixed with reforestation programs as crop sidelines, for some times of the cycle of planting, until it becomes a big tree. In Indonesia for example, it is estimated there are more than 70 million hectares of idle land which has not been used for productive activities, and deforested land is also very broad in need of reforestation programs. If a small fraction, about 1%, is used for the cultivation of cassava, it can increase the global availability of food is very high.
4. In the midst of efforts to develop alternative fuels derived from plant materials, the cultivation of cassava can be mixed with sorghum as raw material for bioethanol. For the cassava is not recommended to be used as raw material of bioethanol in developing countries, like Indonesia, because it has a low yield, only about 15%, so it is still difficult to compete with fossil fuels, and far more profitable to serve as raw materials to manufacture MOCAF.
However, in the development of cassava agribusiness must still consider the rules of sustainable agricultural development, nature conservation, and agriculture towards organic cassava.
If cassava agribusiness development, combined with MOCAF industrial development can be planned and implemented in a comprehensive, especially for countries in Africa, Southeast Asia and South Asia, and Latin America, then it certainly will be very powerful with a double impact for economic development is very large for the countries. Real results can be obtained for these countries is especially in terms of address food insecurity, creating agricultural employment, non-skilled employment, reduce poverty, increase income of cassava farmers, increase the added value of cassava, accelerate socio-economic development of rural , reducing the flow of urbanization, improving security as a result of an increase in the intensity-based socio-economic development, and various other positive impacts, either directly or indirectly for the improvement of public welfare.
As an illustration, to build an enterprise, which integrates between agribusiness cassava and cassava processing plant to produce MOCAF, the production capacity of 60 tons per day, it takes an initial capital of U.S. $ 9 million, which amounted to U.S. $ 6.5 million to build a plant and working capital for MOCAF manufactures, and amounted to U.S. $ 2.5 million for the cultivation of cassava, using cassava variatas Nurul Hidayah and or cassava varieties Gajah (Elephant), it only takes land cultivation with area 600 hectares. To substitute about 15% of wheat flour needs as many as 6 million tons per year (900,000 tons) is required as many as 50 factories with a capacity of 60 tons per day, and requires an investment of U.S. $ 450 million.
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